The Vietnam War On The Americans Reputation History Essay

The Vietnam War On The Americans Reputation History Essay War is an inevitable concept within American history. A nation that in some way or form has risen as an ally to many, and gained a reputation for being amongst, if not, the most powerful nation in the world, based on a series of victories both internally and externally, significantly as a key figure throughout the Cold War (1947-1989). The loss of the Vietnam War (1956-1973) is a black mark on Americas reputation and indeed history. There are a series of contributing factors to Americas downfall which include implemented strategies and tactics from both opposing sides, political and economic factors, the TET offensive and of course the American anti-war movement. Each factor inevitably played a role and adds to the list of reasons as to why America lost the Vietnam War. The effective strategies and tactics implemented by the communist forces namely the NVA (North Vietnamese Army) and Vietcong can be seen as a significant factor to the communist victory in 1975 Vietnam. These tactics and strategies employed by the South Vietnamese and US forces ultimately impacted strongly on the civilians in Vietnam and lead to the rise of anti-war movements in the USA. Mao Zedongs Golden Rules seemingly formed the basis for communist attacks by the Vietnamese. It entitled that The enemy advances, we retreat; the enemy camps, we harass; the enemy tires, we attack; the enemy retreats, we pursue (FOOTNOTE). This made communist forces a very strong and able fighting force, as they were both militarily and politically strong. Politically they were able to persuade civilians through nationalism and the promise of land reforms. Guerrilla warfare was the main tactics employed by the communist forces to achieve their main aims. It proved very successfully prior to 1960 in defeating both the French and Japanese as they adopted guerrilla warfare to textbook perfection (FOOTNOTE). Similarly guerrilla warfare favoured communist forces namely the Vietcong and the NLF (National Liberation Front) as the jungle like terrain of Vietnam was much suited to guerrilla warfare and they had the support from majority of the peasantry who were essentially the eyes and ears (FOOTNOTE) of the communist forces. Guerrilla warfare was also adopted in response to the military might and the sophisticated weaponry of the US and ARVN (Army of The republic of Vietnam). Tactics implored to combat this included a 300 kilometre intricate network of underground tunnels built by the Viet Cong and the NLF which housed food and weapon supplies, hospitals and protection from American artillery barrages and air strikes (FOOTNOTE). General Giap believed the way to victory was by gradually wearing down the enemy the way to win is by small defeats, one after the other until the coup de grace (FOOTNOTE). The result of guerrilla warfare was very successful, particularly in demoralising the enemy, as there was a constant threat of an ambush or stumbling upon the many mines and traps planted by the communist forces which accounted for 10% of American casualties (FOOTNOTE). Essentially it was the view that one guerrilla killed is equal to two main force killed. (FOOTNOTE) In comparison to the Vietcong, the US and ARVN had no effective strategies implemented to combat the communist forces guerrilla tactics, and in comparison to the American infantry, communist forces namely the Viet Cong were well trained in political indoctrination for the villages and gaining their support, as civilian support would ultimately prove essential for victory (FOOTNOTE). Another contributing factor as to why the Americans lost in Vietnam can be seen in contrast to the communist forces. Both the USA and the South Vietnamese forces implemented ineffective tactics and strategies which consequently contributed to the communist victory. Many historians such as David Chandler believed that the United States could have never won as French President Charles de Gaulle in 1962 predicted, step by step, is sucked into a bottomless military and political quagmire (FOOTNOTE). The escalation of advisors from 1962-1964 to 100,000, and after the Gulf of Tonkin incident in August 1964 American troops numbers increased and where engaged in military operation (FOOTNOTE). This gradual build of troops historian Stanley Karnow believed is another reason for the communist victory, as they should of began with a full-scale commitment as a gradual build up allowed the North to expand and the South to deteriorate (FOOTNOTE). The American and South Vietnamese forces relied heavily on their advance weaponry and conventional military tactics instead through political and social means as historian High Higgins states Americans sought to achieve liberation by means of destruction.(FOOTNOTE) Tactics employed include Search and Destroy which aimed at surrounding and attacking suspected villages which had potential for harbouring Vietcong (FOOTNOTE). Many of the villages were attacked even without Vietcong infiltration, leading to the increasing peasant support for the communist forces. Other tactics employed include many bombing operations including Barrel Roll and Rolling Thunder, with use of napalm, defoliants and herbicides such as Agent Orange were used in the belief of removing significant amounts of jungle to make the Vietcong easier to spot, these operations destroyed over 1/3 of the Vietnamese jungles (FOOTNOTE). These many tactics used by the US and South Vietnamese led to many civilian casualties thus increasing support for the communist forces. There was an alleged 1.3 million civilian casualties as a result from both US forces as well as communist forces with many of these casualties due to the ineffective US strategies including the bombing operations having much effect on peaceful villages (FOOTNOTE). It is the massacre at My Lai highlights in which 450 men, women and children were killed, which highlights the low morale and frustration of the American soldiers resulting in a media and anti war movement backlash (FOOTNOTE). The ineffectiveness led to greater civilian support for the communist forces, which was vital for a communist victory. The US and South Vietnamese forces failed to develop a democratic and reformed government in the south in opposition to the North. America backing the Diem regime during the escalation of the war, a dictatorship that features oppression, repression, censoring, corruption and nepotism created much dissent from the civilians and boosted support for the communist forces. The Strategic Hamlet programme (1962) which removed peasants from their lands and was militarily enforced, created resentment towards the US and South Vietnamese governments (FOOTNOTE). There were also easily infiltrated by the Viet Cong, thus creating more support for the communist forces. Under Nixons introduction to the policy of Vietnamisation in 1969 began the start of US troop withdrawal and leaving the responsibility of the war to the South Vietnamese ARVN, which highlights another ineffective tactic amounting to the victory of the communist forces. The US still provided financial and military support, but the ARVN were much dependant on the US forces and without them were unable to defend South Vietnam. They were poorly trained and lacked military logistics and intelligence. Vietnamisation left an inadequate South Vietnam to defend itself against the North, leading to the inevitable Communist victory on April 30, 1975. TET is the Buddhist New Year and an informal recognised truce was usually held (FOOTNOTE). Beginning 1968, January 31st, North Vietnams military leader Vo Nguyen Giaps plan was to simultaneously attack all targets, but this had failed. But it did not diminish intensity of a campaign that nearly defeated South Vietnam. Six major cities in South Vietnam were attacked, for nearly a week Saigon was in flames and the US embassy was temporarily occupied by the Vietcong. The TET offensive was a military victory for the US/ARVN forces. All battles won by US and the casualty rates were in favour of the US at this point after massive US bombing missions decimated North Vietnamese positions. The primary focus of the news in the US was the heroic struggle of the American soldiers to defeat communist menace in the south; the US population was led to believe they were winning the war. The US continued to claim their forces were pushing back the NVA into Laos and Cambodia. But as the conflict intensified, many news reporters clashed with military authorities in Saigon. The idea of US success was crushed by TET Offensive in 1968, the world saw Saigon in flames and the US embassy occupied (FOOTNOTE). Viewers began to question war effort. Hanois military losses converted into a media victory as anti-war demonstrations accelerated in US. Hanoi lost the TET offensive because it was not a quick victory, troops were overextended and under supplied, the South Vietnamese stood their ground and didnt retreat, the US air power provided crucial support and no uprise of the people took place. Even though the North lost the battle during the TET Offensive, it was effective in diminishing the will of the US, which was another significant contributing factor. The origins of anti-war movements in the USA can be traced to the commencement of President Johnsons massive bombing campaign (Operation Rolling Thunder 1965-68) on North Vietnam and the introduction of conscription (FOOTNOTE). On university campuses groups like Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and the War Resisters League began to spring up, questioning why their peers were fighting without a cause and being killed on the other side of the world. They refused to fight, and avoided the draft by changing their name or moving to Canada. 13 000 young men were convicted for draft avoidance and fined up to $10 000 or sentenced to 12 months hard labour (FOOTNOTE). Others who were conscripted showed their dissatisfaction with the war by wearing peace symbols and refusing to obey orders. The media coverage of the war once more instrumental in communicating the horrors of the conflict to a public who had been consuming optimistic propaganda they received from the government. Protest activities included rallies, marches, draft-card burning, teach-ins, and speeches to name a few. By 1967 there was a bitter change in Americas attitude to the war. In New York 100 000 anti-war protesters congregated and many more did the same in San Francisco, while urban riots occurred in Detroit (FOOTNOTE). An anti-military backlash meant that soldiers returning from war were considered baby-killers, not heroes like their fathers had been in WWII. Vietnam Veterans Against the War was formed. It was inevitable that the US and RoV were to be defeated in the Second Indochina war. What attributed to this defeat were not only the strengths of the Norths strategy of guerrilla warfare and the vital success of the Ho Chi Minh Trail in supplying the troops. The strategy of the US and the South was hopeless in all senses for this type of war. Their use of conventional techniques and Pacification programs in the end pushed the people to believe they are in fact the enemy. The fact that the North has an emotional cause appealing to the whole of the people and the all-round inappropriate strategy of the south and US it was inevitable from the stat that the South would be defeated.

Chekhovs Vanka - The Pathos of Vanka Essay -- Vanka Essays

Chekhov's Vanka - The Pathos of Vanka  Ã‚   Immediately following Chekhov's death, the Russian philosopher Shestov (1866-1938) wrote an essay entitled "Creation from the Void," in which he stated, "Chekhov was a singer of hopelessness . . . Chekhov did only one thing: In one way or another he smashed human hopes." Anton Chekhov's "Vanka" accomplishes that quite thoroughly. Vanka, the only active character, believes himself beset on all sides by his bleak world and relies on his own innocence and naivetà © to shield him. The basic premise of the story centers around the boy, including his futile epistolary plea for release to his questionable grandfather, while the author stresses the dangers of the boy's reliance on his innocence. The author's exploitation of Vanka's innocence and naivetà © challenges the sentimentality of Chekhov's "Vanka." Vanka assumes his grandfather, the lively Konstantin Makaritch, will lovingly bear him from his bleak existence upon receiving the letter, but upon closer inspection his grandfather is an unfit and unlikely savior. There are two separate aspects to "Vanka." The boy either concentrates on the drafting of his letter or loses himself in the memory of his grandfather. However, the boy's fond recollections contain evidence of his grandfather's disturbing character traits. In one instance, Vanka recalls his "laughing face and drunken eyes" (47). This fond remembrance alludes to a perpetual state of alcohol-induced befuddlement. His grandfather, a probable drinker, was also probably a womanizer, as Vanka imagines him "pinching first the housemaid, then the cook" (47). Thus, the author establishes the grandfather as unfit to care for Vanka. To discredit the grandfather further, the author uses rel... ...easing the pathos of the story, this final joke acts as a heart-hardener, transforming dejected despondency into caustic hilarity. The degree of exploitation of Vanka's innocence in Chekhov's tale alters the tone of the story. The growing sentimentality for Vanka and his grandfather extinguishes itself, replaced by empty mirth. Though first a tale of mawkish sentimentality, the author utilizes Vanka's naivetà © to debunk the grandfather, then ends "Vanka" with an ironic, twisting joke, similar to that of Maupassant's "The Necklace." Works Cited Chekhov, Anton. "Vanka" Understanding Fiction. 3rd ed. Eds. Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979. 46-50 de Maupassant, Guy. "The Necklace" Understanding Fiction. 3rd ed. Eds. Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979. 66-72

Hamonado Recipe

HAMONADO Ingredient: 1/2 kilogram pork pigue, sliced thinly Marinade: 1/3 cup soy sauce 1/2 cup pineapple juice 1 tablespoon calamansi juice Stuffing: 1 cup carrot strips 1/2 cup sweet pickle relish 1/2 cup pineapple chunks 1/2 cup red bell pepper strips 2 tablespoons cooking oil 1 tablespoon chopped garlic 1/2 cup chopped onions 4 cups water 1/4 cup tomato sauce 3/4 cup sugar 1 tablespoon soy sauce 1/4 cup cornstarch dissolved in 1/2 cup water 2 tablespoons margarine 1 packs 6 grams AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper 1/4 teaspoon AJI-NO-MOTOÂ ® Umami Super Seasoning Procedure Combine soy sauce, pineapple juice and calamansi juice.Add pork and marinate for 2 hours. Flip over after an hour. Drain pork. Lay flat the pork and arrange carrots, pickles, pineapple chunks and red bell peppers. Roll stuffed pork and tie firmly with a string. Set aside. In hot oil, saute garlic and onions until fragrant. Add water and marinated pork rolls. Bring to a boil. Add tomato sauce, sugar, soy sauce and simmer for 30 minutes. Gradually add cornstarch mixture to thicken the sauce. Mix well. Add margarine and simmer for another minute. Sprinkle AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper and AJI-NO-MOTOÂ ® Umami Super Seasoning. Mix well before turning off the fire.To serve: Remove pork from the sauce, untie the strings and slice according to desired thickness. Arrange in a platter and pour sauce on top. Makes 10 slices. SPICY KILAWIN TANIGUE 1/2 kilo tanigue fillet, cut into cubes 1/4cup white vinegar 1 tablespoon sliced ginger, crushed 1 tablespoon chopped red onions 1 tablespoon chopped green chilli (approximately 2 pieces) 1 teaspoon siling labuyo (approximately 1 piece) piece green mango, diced 1/4 cup calamansi, freshly squeezed 1 packet PAL SWEETâ„ ¢ Calorie Free Sweetener 1/8 teaspoon iodized salt 1/2 teaspoon ground black pepper teaspoon MSG 1 tablespoon crushed chicharon (optional) teaspoon chopped spring onions Procedure Mix everything in a bowl. Chill for 30 minutes to 1 h our before serving. Garnish with spring onions. Makes 4-6 servings CLUBHOUSE SANDWICH Ingredients 1 cup mayonnaise 1 pack 2. 8 grams AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper Filling: 1 cup flaked boiled chicken 1 cup chopped fried bacon 1/2 cup sweet pickle relish 1 cup shredded lettuce 4 beaten eggs, fry with1/2 teaspoonAJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Garlic 4 pieces pan fried ham 1 cup sliced seeded tomatoes 9 slices cheddar cheese 18-20 slices loaf bread, toasted Procedure Combine mayonnaise and AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper.Mix well and chill. Set aside. Spread mayo-AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Garlic mixture in loaf bread slices. Place chicken on the 1st layer, followed by bacon top with sweet pickle relish on the second layer of bread. Repeat the procedure with remaining fillings alternately with the bread. Secure with toothpick. May slice into 4 rectangular portions for easy serving. Makes 8 servings. Cheese Sticks with Creamy Bacon Dip Ingredients 3/4 cup cheddar cheese sticks 1/2 cup all purpose flour mixed with 1/2 teaspoon AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper 1 beaten egg 1/2 cup breadcrumbs1 cup cooking oil for deep fryingDip: 1/4 cup fried and chopped bacon 1/4 cup cream cheese 1 cup sour cream 1/2 teaspoon AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Garlic Procedure Prepare dip, beat cream cheese until smooth. Add sour cream and mix well. Sprinkle AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Garlic and mix well. Chill for at least 1 hour before serving. Meanwhile, coat cheese sticks with flour AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Peppermixture. Dip in beaten egg then dredge in breadcrumbs. Deep fry coated cheese sticks until golden brown. Serve together with the dip mixed with bacon. Makes 3 servings. Hamburger Steak Ingredients kilo ground beef cup minced onions pieces beaten eggs 2 tablespoons cornstarch 2 tablespoons soy sauce 1 pack 6 grams AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper 2 tablespoons chopped spring onions 1 teaspoon sesame oil Vegetables oil for pan-frying Mushroom Gravy: 2 tablespoons butter 2 tablespoons flour 1 cups meat stock 1/2 cup all purpose cream 1/2 cup sliced button mushrooms 1 tablespoon soy sauce 1 pack 6 grams AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper Procedure In a mixing bowl, combine beef, onions, eggs, cornstarch and soy sauce. Season with AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper. Add spring onions and sesame oil. Combine thoroughly. Form into burger patties.Heat oil in a flat griller or pan, pan-grill each burger patties until cooked. Prepare mushroom gravy, melt butter in a saucepan, add flour and whisk well until mixture thickens. Pour in meat stock and cream. Whisk thoroughly and simmer in low heat. Add mushroom, soy sauce and AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper. Simmer until sauce slightly thickens. Arrange burger patties in a sizzling plate, pour mushroom gravy. HAMBURGER Ingredients 1/2 kilo ground beef cup chopped onions 2 tablespoons chopped spring onions 1/2 cup flour 1 piece beaten egg 1 tablespoon sesame oil 2 packs 8 grams Secret Sangkap All-In-On e Seasoning GranuleProcedure In a bowl, combine ground beef, onions, spring onions, flour, egg, sesame oil and Secret Sangkap All-In-One Seasoning Granule. To attain firm patties, chill mixture for 1 hour inside the refrigerator. Form into patties using a hamburger molder. Pan-fry until cooked. Makes 8 patties Estimated Cooking Time: 1 hour and 30 minutes Tips and Tricks: For a juicer hamburger, add cold water to the beef before grilling (1/2 cup to 1 pound of meat) Tuna SAndwich INGREDIENTS | 4 slices wheat/rye bread1 can San Marino Corned Tuna1 tbsp mayonnaise1 tbsp lemon juice1 hard boiled egg, mashed10 g dill, minced1 small shallot, inced1 tbsp capers1 tsp sugarSalt and pepper TT1 salad tomato sliced thinly2 leaves lolo rosso lettuce1 cup potato chips| | | PROCEDURE | 1. In a bowl, mix together San Marino Corned Tuna, mayonnaise, lemon juice, egg, dill, shallots, capers, sugar, salt and pepper and set aside and chill2. Lightly grill bread until crisp (you can also just toast the bread in toaster)3. To assemble, layer lettuce then tomato on top of 1 slice of bread. Add the tuna filling then top with the other slice of bread and slice in half diagonally4. Serve on plate with chips| | |

Nursing and Technology - 583 Words

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